BMW X6 M Automobiles BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green F96 2020 SUV three-quarter front view
PerformanceUp to 625 hp (460 kW)
Engine and Fuel TypePetrolDiesel

THE X6 M

BMW X6 M Automobiles BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green F96 2020 SUV three-quarter front view

THE BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES.

PerformanceUp to 625 hp (460 kW)
Engine and Fuel TypePetrolDiesel
THE X6 MTHE BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES.

BMW X6 M Competition, BMW X6 M, BMW X6 M50i and BMW X6 M50d.

The BMW X6 M Automobiles demonstrate their extroverted dominance with outstanding driving dynamics, expressive M design and unrivalled agility. Discover the four extroverted Sports Activity Coupés (SAC): the models BMW X6 M50i and BMW X6 M50d impress with their unique combination of performance, comfort and efficiency. The BMW X6 M with M xDrive inspires with a luxurious interior and driving dynamics defined by motor racing genes. An adrenaline-charged driving experience that receives yet another boost in the even more powerful and flamboyant BMW X6 M Competition with M xDrive.

BMW X6 M Competition:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 12.5
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 285


BMW X6 M:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 12.5
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 285


BMW X6 M50i:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 11.5
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 263


BMW X6 M50d:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 7.8–7.5
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 205–198 

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THE BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES IN COMPARISON.

The most important performance facts at a glance: power train, suspension and engine output.

BMW X6 M COMPETITION.

Maximum driving dynamics and highest exclusivity.
  • High-performance M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine
  • M xDrive with Active M differential and 8-speed M Steptronic Sport transmission with Drivelogic
  • Exclusive design elements and equipment
  • 460 kW (625 hp), 750 Nm, 0–100 km/h in 3.8 sec
BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green three-quarter front view

BMW X6 M.

Driving dynamics and exclusivity at the highest level.
  • High-performance M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine
  • M xDrive with Active M differential
  • 8-speed M Steptronic Sport transmission with Drivelogic
  • 441 kW (600 hp), 750 Nm, 0–100 km/h in 3.9 sec
BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV three-quarter front view

BMW X6 M50i.

Powerful performance with a sporty flair.
  • M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine
  • 8-speed Steptronic Sport transmission
  • BMW xDrive
  • 390 kW (530 hp), 750 Nm, 0–100 km/h in 4.3 sec
BMW X6 M50i G06 2018 SUV in Manhattan metallic SUV three-quarter front view

BMW X6 M50d.

High power and efficiency with maximum suitability for everyday use.
  • M TwinPower Turbo 6-cylinder inline diesel engine
  • 8-speed Steptronic Sport transmission
  • BMW xDrive
  • 294 kW (400 hp), 760 Nm, 0–100 km/h in 5.2 sec
BMW X6 M50d G06 2018 SUV in Manhattan metallic SUV three-quarter front view
  • BMW X6 M COMPETITION.
  • BMW X6 M.
  • BMW X6 M50i.
  • BMW X6 M50d.

BMW X6 M COMPETITION AND BMW X6 M – PERFORMANCE FEATURES.

Inspired by motorsport: overview of drive train and chassis technologies.

The extraordinary performance and dynamics of the BMW X6 M Competition and BMW X6 M are based on a set of highly developed drive train and suspension technologies derived from motorsport. Whether you are cruising comfortably or racing on a track, outstanding precision and agility constantly define the M typical driving sensation.
High-performance BMW M TwinPower Turbo 8-cylinder petrol engine BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV

High-performance M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine.

The latest version of the high-performance M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine guarantees performance in keeping with the latest standards. The high-revving unit develops an output of 460 kW (625 hp). The two turbochargers stand out thanks to their cross-cylinder bank exhaust manifold with optimum response characteristics. The V8 engine is also designed for extreme loads on the race track.

M specific suspension BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV

M specific suspension.

Featuring the Active M differential, the M specific suspension exquisitely highlights the vehicle's dynamic potential. In addition to the three driving modes COMFORT, SPORT and SPORT+, you can also choose between three different Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) settings in order to adapt the level of stabilising support to suit your preferred style of driving.
BMW X6 M Competition with M xDrive BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green SUV F96 2020 SUV side view

M xDrive.

BMW M xDrive with Active M differential guarantees maximum traction and driving dynamics for everyday driving, as well as at the racetrack. The M specific technology combines the typical agility of a rear-wheel drive with the control of an all-wheel drive. You can choose between the two drive variants 4WD and 4WD Sport.
8-speed M Steptronic transmission with Drivelogic BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV interior

8-speed M Steptronic Sport transmission with Drivelogic.

The 8-speed M Steptronic Sport transmission with Drivelogic offers numerous shifting options: from extremely dynamic to particularly comfortable, and smooth to fuel-saving. You can shift manually using the gear lever or the gearshift paddles on the steering wheel, or put the vehicle into automatic mode and let the transmission do the work.
BMW X6 M Competition with M Servotronic F96 2020 SUV cockpit

M Servotronic.

In every driving situation, M Servotronic delivers the right steering power, by adjusting to suit the current driving speed. In addition, it delivers a direct and precise steering feel at any speed. The system is specifically calibrated to M vehicles and offers two different characteristic curves.
M Compound brake BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV close-up

M Compound brake.

Thanks to the use of various materials, M Compound brakes achieve outstanding deceleration values and are extremely stable and highly durable. They also weigh less, which has a positive impact on agility, dynamics and acceleration. The Blue metallic brake callipers with the M designation are the hallmark of these high-performance M specific brakes.
M Sport exhaust system BMW X6 M Competition BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green F96 2020 SUV rear view

M Sport exhaust system.

The M Sport exhaust system delivers a dynamic sound that can be modified via the integrated exhaust valve mechanism. The SPORT and SPORT+ programmes, which can be selected via the Driving dynamics buttons, are accentuated by an even more intense engine sound, while the comfort-oriented programme prioritises more discreet engine acoustics.

BMW X6 M COMPETITION – DESIGN FEATURES.

M specific design highlights in the exterior and interior.

A top athlete full of character: the BMW X6 M Competition not only sets a signal for uncompromising performance but also for individual progressive design. Striking M features in black and optionally available in a Carbon version complement the dynamic appearance of the high-performance SAC from the expressively sculpted front apron through to the impressive rear. In the interior, M highlights such as the M multifunctional seats with illuminated X6 M logo and fully integrated headrest or the M specific gear selector emphasise the exclusive sportiness of the driver-oriented cockpit.
BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green three-quarter side view
M specific kidney grille BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green SUV exterior

M specific kidney grille.

The M specific kidney grille with black kidney grille slats in double-bridged design and frame in Black has a black X6 M logo and underlines the further enhanced sporty character of your vehicle.
M side gills BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green exterior

M side gills in Black.

The M side gills in the front wings and the integrated X6 M logo are designed in Black on the X6 M Competition.
M Carbon mirror caps BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green exterior

M Carbon mirror caps.

The optional M Carbon mirror caps emphasise the powerful, sporty design of the vehicle.
M Carbon rear spoiler BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green exterior

M Carbon rear spoiler.

The optional M Carbon rear spoiler emphasises the vehicle's powerful, sporty design and noticeably reduces.
Tailpipe trims in Black Chrome BMW X6 M Competition F96 SUV BMW Individual Special Paint Urban Green exterior

Tailpipes in Black Chrome.

The exclusive M Competition specific tailpipe trims in Black Chrome are located to the left and right of the rear diffuser and underline the particularly sporty performance of the vehicle.
Door sill finishers with “X6 M Competition” designation BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV close-up

Entry sills with “X6 M Competition” designation.

You and your front passenger are welcomed by front door sill finishers with the “X6 M Competition” designation as soon as you get in. The designation on the inserts in Black in the door sill finishers in the front on the left and right radiates quality and exclusivity.
M Multifunctional seats in leather 'Merino' BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV interior

M Multifunctional seats.

The M Multifunctional seats for the driver and front passenger in exclusive design and with illuminated X6 M logo on the headrest reflect the vehicle's athletic look. Lower seat bases and high side bolsters emphasize the shell-seat look and guarantee flawless lateral support. Accompanied by a comprehensive range of adjustment possibilities, maximum comfort is achieved. The two-tone full leather trim 'Merino' Black with contrast in Midrand Beige is exclusively reserved for the X6 M Competition. This equipment is complemented by side bolsters and knee pads on the centre console in Alcantara.
Knee pads BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV interior close-up

Knee pads.

The centre console of the BMW X6 M Competition comes with upholstered knee pads for the driver and front passenger, which provide additional lateral support, particularly advantageous during highly dynamic driving.
M seat belts BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV interior

M seat belts.

The M seat belts with belt tensioner and belt force limiter boast an exquisite stitched highlight in the classic M colours and emphasise the extremely high-quality and sporty ambience in the interior.
M gear selector with Drivelogic BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV interior centre console

M gear selector with Drivelogic switch.

The M gear selector in a new design with Drivelogic switch and P button feels great in the driver's hand and is extremely easy to use.
M specific instrument cluster BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 SUV cockpit

M specific instrument cluster.

The fully digital M specific instrument cluster offers you all relevant information including the possibility to customise the selection of the displayed content. Additionally, you can reduce the displays to the essential with M View, so that you only see the most needed information during highly dynamic driving.
M double kidney grille BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV front view
21" M light alloy wheels Bicolor Orbitgrey BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV close-up
Rear apron BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV rear view
M leather steering wheel with contrast stitching BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV cockpit
M Multifunctional seats with X6 M logo BMW X6 M F96 2020 SUV interior

BMW X6 M DESIGN HIGHLIGHTS.

From the frame of the mighty M kidney grille, via the lateral M gills and the mirror caps, all the way through to the tailpipe trims and the X6 M logo on the rear – chrome-plated design elements add sporty and elegant highlights to the exterior of the BMW X6 M. Powerful support comes from large 21" light alloy wheels in Bicolour Orbit Grey. The exclusive character continues in the interior. Starting with the illuminated door sill finisher with X6 M logo in brushed chrome, the interior displays exclusive details such as the M leather steering wheel with contrast stitching or the M multifunctional seats for driver and front passenger in elegant fine-grain ‘Merino’ leather. Rounding off the exceptional ambience are high-quality features such as the BMW Live Cockpit Professional with a high-resolution 12.3" Control Display and a fully digital 12.3" instrument display.

BMW X6 M50i AND M50d – PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS.

Driving dynamics and design features of the BMW X6 M50i and BMW X6 M50d.

Bid farewell to the average: With groundbreaking drive technologies, such as the powerful M TwinPower Turbo petrol and diesel engines, alongside extremely precise driving dynamics components, such as the Adaptive M suspension Professional and the xDrive all-wheel drive system, the new BMW X6 M50i and M50d offer agility at a supreme level.
Man standing next to BMW X6 M50i G06 2018 SUV in three-quarter rear view
BMW TwinPower Turbo 8-cylinder petrol engine BMW X6 M50i G06 2018 SUV

BMW X6 M50i.

The M TwinPower Turbo V8-cylinder petrol engine in the BMW X6 M50i combines two turbochargers with Valvetronic fully variable valve control and the direct petrol injection High-Precision Injection. It achieves a peak output of 390 kW (530 hp) with a maximum torque of 750 Nm. Both turbochargers are positioned neatly between the cylinder banks.

BMW M TwinPower Turbo inline 6-cylinder diesel engine BMW X6 M50d G06 2018 SUV

BMW X6 M50d.

The M TwinPower Turbo 6-cylinder inline diesel engine in the BMW M50d is exceptional in every respect. State-of-the-art technology such as step charging with four turbochargers and a common rail high-pressure injection system ensures impressive power in every driving situation at up to 760 Nm.

BMW X6 M50i G06 2018 SUV Steptronic Sport transmission cockpit M leather steering wheel

Steptronic Sport transmission.

The 8-speed Steptronic Sport transmission with Launch Control offers sporty gear changes, both automatically and manually via the selector lever or gearshift paddles – for comfortable cruising or dynamic driving. In SPORT mode and with the gear lever in the left-hand S/M position, the gear shifts are configured for maximum performance.
BMW X6 M50i and M50d Adaptive M suspension G06 2018 SUV

Adaptive M suspension.

The Adaptive M suspension can be electrically adjusted at any time to suit the road and driving conditions. You can also adjust the suspension characteristics via the Driving Experience Control to enable your preferred driving style at the time – from comfortable to extremely athletic with markedly agile handling.
Close-up of the BMW X6 M50i interior Gear lever with M badge G06 2018 SUV

Gear lever with M badge.

The centre console is equipped with a coloured M badge in the area in front of the gear lever, which emphasises the sporty atmosphere in the interior and points to the driving dynamics qualities of the vehicle.
BMW X6 M50i rear M sport exhaust system G06 2018 SUV

M Sport exhaust system.

The M sport exhaust system* delivers a sound that can be adjusted to an even more intense engine sound with the driving dynamics buttons in the SPORT and SPORT+ programmes, while the comfort-oriented programme prioritises more discreet engine acoustics. * Only available for BMW X6 M50i.
BMW X6 M50i with intelligent all-wheel drive xDrive G06 2018 SUV

BMW xDrive.

The intelligent BMW xDrive all-wheel drive system smoothly and variably distributes drive power to the front and rear wheels for maximum traction, driving dynamics and safety in every driving situation. For even better agility, the electronically controlled power distribution for instance counterbalances oversteer or understeer on bends.
BMW X6 M50i Interior with focus on Driving Experience Control G06 2018 SUV

Driving Experience Control.

The Driving Experience Control offers the driver the choice between the standard COMFORT mode, ECO PRO Mode, geared towards efficiency, and SPORT mode, which enables even more dynamic driving. The new interactive Adaptive Mode function continuously adjusts the adaptive suspension, the steering and the Steptronic transmission to suit the current driving situation.
BMW X6 M50i exterior light alloy wheel G06 2018 SUV

22" M light alloy wheels 747 M.

The 22" M light alloy wheels in 747 M style provide a powerful foundation for the BMW X6 M50i and M50d. Designed in V-spoke design in the M specific paint finish of Cerium Grey, the wheels round off the sporty and authoritative appearance of the two SACs.
Close-up BMW X6 M50i M carbon rear spoiler G06 2018 SUV

M Carbon rear spoiler.

The M Carbon rear spoiler emphasises the vehicle's powerful, sporty design and noticeably reduces.
Close-up BMW X6 M50i M50d G06 G06 2018 SUV interior M leather steering wheel

M Leather steering wheel.

The M Leather steering wheel including multifunction buttons, an M badge and an integrated driver-side airbag is featured in three-spoke design. With a steering wheel rim in leather 'Walknappa' Black with black stitching and contoured thumb rests, it provides a direct, athletic steering experience.
BMW X6 M50i M50d G06 2018 SUV with close-up on M Carbon mirror caps

M Carbon mirror caps.

The M Carbon mirror caps emphasise the powerful, sporty design of the vehicle.

BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES: DRIVER ASSISTANCE & DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES.

The BMW X6 M Automobiles not only impress with their performance and design but also offer an extensive range of assistance systems and intelligent functions. Innovative features such as the BMW Display Key clearly illustrate the special comfort of these vehicles even before you enter. Groundbreaking driver assistance systems support you during the journey all the way through to the final parking manoeuvre. Thanks to the BMW Live Cockpit Professional and the M specific Head-Up Display, you constantly have the key information in view at all times.
Driving Assistant Professional BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV interior

Driving Assistant Professional.

Driving Assistant Professional offers optimum comfort and safety during critical or monotonous traffic situations. Apart from the contents of the Driving Assistant, it also includes Steering and Lane Control Assistant with extended functions, Lane change and Emergency Stop Assistant and Lane Keeping Assistant with active side collision protection.
Parking Assistant Plus BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV interior

Parking Assistant Plus.

Parking Assistant Plus makes parking and manoeuvring the vehicle easier. It features among others the Surround View system including Top View, Panorama View, Remote View 3D, as well as a lateral parking aid, the emergency braking function Active Park Distance Control, Parking Assistant with longitudinal and lateral guidance and Reversing Assistant.
M specific Head-Up Display BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV interior

M specific Head-Up Display.

The full-colour BMW Head-Up Display incl. M specific display* projects all information relevant to the journey directly into your field of vision, allowing you to fully concentrate on driving. Information such as the current speed and, depending on the equipment, navigation directions, Speed Limit Info including no-overtaking indicator, along with telephone and entertainment lists are displayed. * Only available in the BMW X6 M Competition and BMW X6 M.
BMW Live Cockpit Professional BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV interior

BMW Live Cockpit Professional.

The BMW Live Cockpit Professional with navigation function includes two high-quality displays consisting of a high-resolution 10.25" Control Display that can be operated by touch and a fully digital 12.3" instrument display. The BMW Operating System 7 can also be operated via the iDrive Touch Controller.
BMW Display Key BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV G06

BMW Display Key with M Logo.

The BMW Display Key with M logo displays various vehicle status data and allows selected functions to be operated via the integrated touch display. That allows vehicle functions to be conveniently operated with the key.
Digital Key BMW X6 M Automobiles F96 2020 SUV G06

BMW Digital Key.

The BMW Digital Key turns your compatible smartphone* into a vehicle key. To unlock, simply hold the smartphone next to the door handle; before starting your BMW place it on the smartphone tray. In addition, you can send a Digital Key to up to five friends.

 

*BMW Digital Key is compatible with selected smartphones only. A list of compatible smartphones is available at bmw.com/digitalkey. The use of BMW Digital Key requires the Teleservices equipment.

TECHNICAL DATA OF THE BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES.

BMW X6 M Competition and other models.

Engine power in kW (hp):

441-460 (600-625)

Max. torque in Nm:

750/1,800-5,850 - 1,800-5,600

Acceleration 0–100 km/h in s:

3.9-3.8

Fuel consumption (combined) in l/100 km:

12.5

BMW X6 M Competition F96 2020 technical data three-quarter rear view
BMW X6 G06 2018 SUV three-quarter front view parking

THE X6

The BMW X6 features a unique appearance paired with sporty sovereignty thanks to powerful engine, precise chassis and equipment such as the xOffroad-package.

BMW SERVICE INCLUSIVE FOR THE BMW X6 M AUTOMOBILES.

BMW Service Inclusive BMW Service employee welcomes customer

#whateverhappens. All-round carefree travelling: this package offers you 100% transparency and convenient ease of planning for your selected term of duration or mileage.

 

  • Vehicle check service in accordance with the BMW guidelines
  • Microfilter service
  • Brake fluid service
BMW customer support BMW Service employee talking to female customer

WOULD YOU LIKE A PERSONAL CONSULTATION?

If you have any queries, require further information or would like specific offers on the BMW X6 M Automobiles, please contact a BMW Partner in your area. Our proficient BMW service staff will be pleased to give you individual advice by telephone or directly on site.

Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of the BMW X6 M Automobiles.

BMW X6 M Competition:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 13.3–13.1
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 305–299

BMW X6 M:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 13.3–13.1
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 305–299

BMW X6 M50i:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 12.0–11.2
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 275–256

BMW X6 M50d:
Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): x.x–x.x
CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): xxx–xxx

Official data on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions were determined in accordance with the mandatory measurement procedure and comply with Regulation (EU) 715/2007 valid at the time of type approval. In case of a range, figures in the WLTP take into account any optional equipment. For newly type-tested vehicles since 01.01.2021, the official data no longer exist according to NEDC, but only according to WLTP. For more information on the WLTP and NEDC measurement procedures, see www.bmw.de/wltp.

For more information on the official fuel consumption and official specific CO2 emissions of new passenger cars, see the ‘Guide to Fuel Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Electricity Consumption of New Passenger Cars’, which is available free of charge at all sales outlets, from Deutsche AutomobilTreuhand GmbH (DAT), Hellmuth-Hirth-Str. 1, 73760 Ostfildern- Scharnhausen, and at www.dat.de/co2

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Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of the BMW X6 M Automobiles.

  • BMW X6 M Competition:
    Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 12.5
    CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 285

    BMW X6 M:
    Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 12.5
    CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 285

    BMW X6 M50i:
    Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 11.5
    CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 263

    BMW X6 M50d:
    Fuel consumption in l/100 km (combined): 7.8–7.5
    CO2 emissions in g/km (combined): 205–198

    The values of fuel consumptions, CO2 emissions and energy consumptions shown were determined according to the European Regulation (EC) 715/2007 in the version applicable at the time of type approval. The figures refer to a vehicle with basic configuration in Germany and the range shown considers optional equipment and the different size of wheels and tires available on the selected model.

    The CO2 efficiency specifications are determined according to Directive 1999/94/EC and the European Regulation in its current version applicable. The values shown are based on the fuel consumption, CO2 values and energy consumptions according to the NEDC cycle for the classification.
    For further information about the official fuel consumption and the specific CO2 emission of new passenger cars can be taken out of the „handbook of fuel consumption, the CO2 emission and power consumption of new passenger cars“, which is available at all selling points and at https://www.dat.de/angebote/verlagsprodukte/leitfaden-kraftstoffverbrauch.html.

    The figures for performance, consumption and CO2 emissions refer to vehicles with standard transmission. Values in square brackets apply to vehicles with automatic transmission.

    [1] Performance data of petrol engines apply to vehicles using RON 98 fuel. Fuel consumption data apply to vehicles using reference fuels in accordance with EU Regulation 715/2007. Unleaded RON 91 and higher with a maximum ethanol content of 10% (E10) may also be used. BMW recommends RON 95 fuel. For high-performance automobiles, BMW recommends RON 98 fuel.

    [2] Official data for fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, power consumption and electric range was determined in accordance with the prescribed measuring procedure and corresponds to European Regulation (EC) 715/2007 in the applicable version. For ranges, data determined as per WLTP takes into account any optional equipment (available on the German market in this case). For vehicles that have been newly type approved since 1 January 2021, only the official data according to WLTP exists. For more information about NEDC and WLTP measuring procedures visit www.bmw.com/wltp

    [3] The EC unladen weight refers to a vehicle with standard equipment and does not include any optional extras. The unladen weight includes a 90% full tank and a driver weight of 75 kg. Optional equipment may affect the weight of the vehicle, the payload and the top speed if the selected equipment has an impact on the vehicle's aerodynamics.

    [4] Provisional figures; any missing figures were unavailable at the time of publication.